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Ho cdn phai ehiu nhieu thir lao dich cho liinh chiia Vii nhii nudc : dap dudng. Tren thue le. Cdng nhdn tap trung d cac thanh thi ldn rieng Pa-ri cd 30 van cdng nhan.

Dieu kien lao dong va ddi sdng ciia hp rai khd khan ngay lam viec keo diii. Nhirng ngudi hinh ddn thdnh ihi khae nhu thp thii cdng, ngudi budn ban nho. Mau thudn giua quy tdc phong kien. Nhieu cudc ddu iranh chdng che dp phong kien.

Nhieu nha van, nha tu tuimg tien bd da len an manh me su ap biic, bdc lot ciia che dp quan chii chuyen che. Hinh J Hinh Vdn-te Hinh Sac-lo Lu-i Moni;-lc-. Trong quyen Tinh than luat phdp. Guiu-j, Mc-li-i I i i04 - lii mPi eha dao lang que. Nhdm Bik h khoa loan thu. Tu tudng va quan die'm cua nhihig nha Khai sang cd y nghia tien bd. Cach mang bung n6 Ddu nam , nhung dieu kien cho cupc each mang nd ra da chin mudi. Ngay 5 - 5 - , Hpi nghi baddng cap dupc trieu tap tir nam , Hpi nghj nay khdng dupc to chirc , vi vua Lu-i XVI can cac dai bie'u thoa thuan cho vay tien va danh them thue mdi de giai quyet tinh hinh khiing hoang tai chi'nh.

Luc nay, so np ciia nha vua len tdi 5 ti livra, ma sd thu ngan sach lai giam. De phan ddi y dd tang thue cua nha vua, ngay 17 - 6 - CO quan duy nhat cd quyen thdng qua cac dao luat tai chinh. Nha vua tap trung quan dpi de chdng lai Qudc hpi. Ngay 14 - 7 - "'. Cach mang bung no va gianh thdng lpi d Pa-ri rdi lan nhanh ra cac thanh phd va cac viing ndng thdn trong nudc Phap.

Che do quan chu lap hien tif 14 - 7 - den 1 0 - 8 - Sau thdng lpi ngay 1 4 - 7 , phai Lap hien thupc tang ldp dai tu san len nam quyen. Ngay 4 - 8 - , Qud'c hdi Lap hien tuyen bd xoa bd mdt sd nghia vu phong kien ciia ndng dan, song cac dac quyen co ban cua quy tdc vdn dupc duy tri.

Qud'c hpi cung quyet djnh tjch thu rupng dat ciia Giao hdi, dem ban vdi gia cao. Tuyen ngdn xac djnh quyen binh ddng giira cae cdng dan. Dieu 1. Dieu Che dp quan chu chuyen che bi lat dd, song ngdi vua vdn dupc duy tri.

Tdng ldp dai tu sdn dang cam quyen mudn thoa hiep vdi nha vua de ngan can qudn chiing tiep tuc dua each mang phat trien. Thang 9 - Qudc hdi Lap hien thdng qua Hien phap. Hien phap da tir bo mot sd nguyen ldc tien bd ciia Tuyen ngdn Nhdn quyen vd Ddn quyen Qudc hdi cdn ban hanh nhieu dao luat nhu ; dao luat cam bai cdng Dao luat Lo Sapalie. Mpt so nhiem vu co ban ciia each mang khdng dupc giai quyet. Cac the lire phan dong trong nudc tim mpi each pha hoai : quy tpc.

GiiJa nam Trong tinh hinh rdi ren ay. Diing ve phia Ao la lien minh phong kie'n chau Au. Do tinh thdn chien da'u yeu kem ciia si quan phan ldn xuat than quy tdc va npi phan hoiing hau Phap Ma-ri Ang-toa-net chuyen ke hoach tac chien cho quan dich , quan Phap lien tiep thua tran : vung Bdc vii Tay Phap bj xam chiem. Trudc tinh hinh do. Qudc hdi tuyen bd "To qudc lam nguy". Nha vua bdc bd cac chii truong niiy. Phan no. Hp tail cong Cung dien Tuy-lo-ri.

Chi'nh quyen chuyen sang tay tu sdn cong. Mdi Qudc hdi mdi dupc bau ra theo che dp phd thdng ddu phieu eho tat cd cac cdng dan nam tii 21 tudi trd len. Qudc hdi hpp ngiiy 20 - 9 - Ciing ngay ay. Van-mi hi indi Iimg ihudc linh. Sam-pa-nh r td Dong Bae I'iiapi. Ngay hdm sau 21 - 9. Qudc hpi quyei dinh thii tieu che'dd quan chii. Dudi ap luc ciia qudn chiing. Liie ba'y gid. Nudc Anh tu sdn tham gia lien minh cua cac nude phong kien chau Au danh chidm nhieu viing nudc Phap. Nong dan d Vang-de vii cd mien Tay Bdc bj bpn phan dpng xiii giuc, noi loan chdng chinh quy6n each mang.

Gia ea tang cao. Nhan dan ddi kho. Sau chien ihang Van-mi. Song, do nhung khd khim ve kinh te. Sau nay, biii ea Mdc. Ngay 2 - 6 - , Qud'c dan quan eimg hang van thp thii cdng, cdng nhan bao vay tru sd Qudc hpi, bdt giam nhung ngudi cam quyen Girdngdanh.

Cach mang Phap chuyen sang giai doan cao nhat - giai dogn ehuyen ehinh ddn ehu edeh mgng. Chinh phii Giaedbanh thuc hien nhieu bien phap kien quyet de chdng thii trong giac ngoai, dn dinh ddi sdng nhan dan.

Chinh phu cdn lich thu rupng diit eua quy ipc. Hien phap mdi dupc thdng qua, quy djnh : thiet lap che dp cpng hoa. Tren thuc te. Hien phap ehua dupc thi hanh, song la van kien phap li tien bd hon so vdi Hien phap De bao ve each mang, chd'ng thii trong giac ngoai, Uy ban Ciiru nudc do Rd-be-spie dung ddu, de nghj Qude hdi thdng qua va thi hanh nhieu bien phap kien quyei. Ngay 23 - 8 - , Sdc lenh tdng dgng vien toan qudc dupc ban hanh, huy ddng nhan dan Iham gia quan dpi each mang.

Hudng dng lenh tdng ddng vien, 42 van ngudi da tinh nguyen tham gia quan dpi each mang. Dau nam , nudc Phap each mang cd 14 dao quan. Ludt gid tdi da dd'i vdi luong thue va thuc phdm de chd'ng nan ddu co, tich trii, quy djnh mue den luong tdi da cho cdng nhan. Chi trong thdi gian ngdn, cac cupc bao loan dan ddn bj dap tdt. Tinh hinh chien su ciing chuyen bie'n cd lpi cho nudc Phap each mang : Cudi nam - dau nam , quan Phap gianh dupc the chii dpng tren chien trudng ; miia thu nam , cac dpi quan xam lupc ldn lupt bj dudi ra khdi bien gidi.

Cach mang Phap dat tdi dinh cao. Ddng thdi. Dieu quan trpng la qudn chung dan ddn mai Idng tin va khdng cdn ung hd chinh quyen Giaedbanh nua. Ngay 9 thang Tecmido 27 - 7 - duiflig lich '", cac luc lupng ddi lap da bao vay Qude hdi. Ngay hdm sau. Rd-be-spie va nhieu nha each mang Giaedbanh bi xii tir.

Sau khi phai Giaedbanh bi lat dd. Uy ban Dd'c chinh dupc thanh lap. Dudi che'dd Ddc chinh - Ddi sdng nhan dan ngay cang khdn kho hon va nhieu cudc dau tranh lai nd ra d Pa-ri ddi "banh mi va Hien phap '".

Mdt lien minh mdi cua cae nude quan chii chau Au chdng Phap dupc thimh lap. Tliang Na-pd-le-dng Bd-na-pae. Cach mang tu sdn Phap ehiim dui. Day lii cudc each mang tu sdn triet de' nhai. Tuy nhien, Cach mang tu sdn Phap cung nhu cac cupc each mang tu san khae cd nhieu han che : tiep tuc duy tri che dp tu hiiu, khdng gidi phdng ngudi lao ddng khoi ach ap birc Nd da liim biei bao nhieu viec cho giai cap nd.

Todn tap. Tap NXB Tien bd, M.. Ve bai hoc cua Ciieh mang Phap Diin ehiing edng ndng lii gde each menh Ciieh menh ihl phai ed td chuc that vung ben mdi thimh edng. Dim ba. Dim kin nninh ihl i iiiin linh niio, sung dng nho eung khdng chdng ku ndi". Ho Chi Minh. Tndn lap. Tiip 2. Dieu nay cd y nghia tien bd. Nam I. Na-po-lc-oni: l m :lKinh i. Nam K l-ladi-a. Sau khi chiem dupc l-ta-li-a. Na-pd-le-dng tien sat den bien gidi Ao, danh tan quan dpi Ao va ki vdi nudc nay Hoa udc Theo dd, Ao edng nhan viing ta ngan sdng Ranh thuoc ve Phap.

Thuy Si, Ha Lan cung sap nhap vao Phap. Na-pd-le-dng chuyen sang danh nhau vdi Anh. Ong quyet dinh hanh quan sang An Dp de eudp thudc dia giau cd niiy ciia Anh. Budc ddu, dng tie'n quan danh chiem Ai Cap va Xi-ri, song khdng thanh cdng.

Thang 10 - , Na-pd-le-dng trd ve Pa-ri. Sau cudc ddo chinh thang Sutmg mil 11 - , Na-pd-ie-dng ndm ehinh quyen d Phap, den nam len ngdi Hoang de. Na-pd-le-dng tren ngai vdng Sau khi trd thanh Hoang de, Na-pd-le-dng ra siie thuc hien tham vpng ba chii cua minh, ddy manh eupc chien tranh xam lupc mdi d chau Au ma dd'i thii chinh trudc mdt la Anh, Ao, Nga.

Mua ihu iKini lfN l. N;i-pd-le-ong tiip iruni: 2. Nam I Slid. Na-no-le-ong diinh bai uiian. Na-ixi-le-oiie ki Hiep udc lin-dii vu Nga va i'ho. Thang 6 - , khdng tuyen chie'n, Na-pd-le-6ng dich than chi huy 64 van quan, gdm binh linh nhieu dan tpc d chau Au, tien danh nudc Nga. Trai vdi du tinh ciia Na-pd-le-dng. Cu-tu-ddp quyei djnh nit khdi Mat-xeo-va. Quan Phap vao chiem ddng thanh phd dang chay ldn. Na-pd-le-dng du djnh danh chiem viing giau cd phia nam.

Cudi eimg. Sau 12 ngay dem vat va. Na-pd-le-dng mdi ve den Pa-ri. That bai ciia Na-pd-le-dng d Nga ed anh hudng quyei djnh den sd phan ciia De ehe Phap va Na-pd-le-dng. Quan dpi Na-pd-le-dng ldn lupt bj thai bai tren cac chien trudng d chau Au. Ngay 18 - 6 - , trong tran danh ldn cudi ciing d Oa-tec-ld. Na-pd-le-dng bj bdt lam tii binh va bi day ra dao Xanh E-len, roi chei d day nam Hoi nghi Vien va ttnh hinh chau Au Sau khi danh bai nudc Phap va bdt Na-pd-le-dng di day, cac nguyen thu qudc gia va bd trudng nhieu nudc chau Au hpp d Vien - Mpi viec tai Hdi nghi Vien deu do "Uy ban 4 nudc".

Phd quyet djnh. Theo quyet djnh ciia Hdi nghi Vien. Phap phai tra trieu phrang tien bdi thudng chien phi va giao eho quan Ddng minh toan bd ham dpi ciia minh. Cac nude thdng tran chia nhau dai dai chiem dupc. Sau Hpi nghj Vien. Nhdm ehdng lai cac luc lupng each mang, nam , theo de nghi cua Nga hoang A-le'ch-xan-dro I. Iren danh nghia ldn giiio. Phd ki viio van kien. Lan lucft. Anh khdng phai lii thanh vien cua Lien minh. Ve thuc chdt. Bd trudng Ngoqi giao Ao Mct-fec-nich ddng giua.

Dil bj Lien minh Than thanh tim each dan ap. Nam , mdt sd trung doan Tay Ban Nha. Nhung ngudi khdi nghTa ddi bd nhirng luat le ha khde, danh thue vao quy tdc va tang lu. Cudc khdi nghia lan nhanh ra nhieu dja phuong trong nude, ke cd TTiu dd Ma-drit. Vua Tay Ban Nha phdi nhutrng bd : trieu tap Nghi vien. Nam , Lien minh Thdn thanh gui 10 van quan Phap.

Cach mang dTay Ban Nha thai bai, khdng chi vi su can thiep vu trang cua Lien minh Thdn thanh ma cdn vi nhung ngudi each mang khdng dua vao nhan dan, chi lo dau tranh quan su. Vao nhung nam 20 ciia the ki XIX. Tai sao cac nudc chau Au lien minh cho'ng lai Na-po-le-ong? Met-tec-nich Lyn-no-bua i - Nam 18 Bd trudng Ngoiii giao'''. Thanh lap Lien minh cac nude chiiu Au ehdng Na-pd-le-dng. Au" di hiin ehe the' luc ciic nudc ldn. Nguyen tac ngoai giao cua Met-lec-nieh L'yn-na-bua : 1 Khdng dupe lam cudc thuang lutrng tan va.

Nhiimg nguyen tac nay da dupe Kii-xin-gia H. Theo : Tddien Bach khoa Viet Nam. Anh clicn ra c uoc c at h mani; cong nghiep, sau do rl.

Nhung tien de cua cach mang cong nghiep Sau thdng loi cua each mang tu san, kinh te tu ban chii nghia d Anh phat trien ngay cang manh me. Nudc Anh tang cudng xam chiem thudc dia An Do. Bdc MT, 6-xtray-li-a Bang hoat ddng kinh doanh trong nudc. Ciing vdi su phat trien kinh te. Ndng dan mat rupng, thp thu cdng bi pha sdn budc phdi ban strc lao ddng ciia minh. Vi vay, d Anh ludn sdn nhdn edng hon cac nudc khae.

Mat khae. Ngoai ra. Ilieo gtu chep eua. Nhu vay, nudc Anh sau each mang tu sdn cd du nhirng tien de de tien himh each mang cdng nghiep : tu ban. Anh virot han cac nudc Au - MT ve nhung dieu kien tren.

Sir phat minh va su dung may moc. Viec ddy manh san xuat hang hoa. Vi vay, viec phat minh va su dung may mdc trd thanh mot nhu cdu cap thiet. Dd la ndi dung quan trong cua each mang cdng nghiep. Caeh mang cong nghiep d Anh, cung nhu d mot sd nudc tu ban khae sau nay. Liic bin L'iit. Anh biin eh. Nam I Liic dim. Mid nhiing phiu minh tren.

Chinh trong khoang thdi gian dd, nam , Giem Oat - Mdv lufi nudc cua Giem Odt nhanh sang cac nganh khae. De ludng iihoedng kio eiia Giem OiU. TiJ dau the ki XIX, tau thuy va xe lira xuat hien vdi dau may hoi nudc. He thdng dudng sdt phat trie'n, md rdng kha nang van tai, ndi lien cac trung tam cdng thuong nghiep. Nam I Anh ehi cd km dudng sat. May mdc va dudng sdt phat trien ddi hdi phai day manh san xudt d cac nganh cdng nghiep nang : khai md, luyen kim, che' tao may Nam , Anh san xuat dupc mot nua sd gang, thep va than da ciia the gidi.

Nhu vay, tiT giira the Hinh Ddu mdy ,xe liia Xii-phen-xan ki XVIII den giUa the ki XIX, d Anh da dien ra qua trinh chuyen tir san xudt nhd thir cdng sang san xuat ldn bdng may mdc, tao ra nhirng bien ddi to ldn ve kinh te va xa hdi.

Day la cudc each mang edng nghiep. Nudc Anh dupc menh danh la "cdng xudng cua the gidi". Chi trong 20 nam - San iiroiii: gani:. Giira the ki XIX. Nhd each mang cdng nghiep. O Dde. Trong nhung nam - , kinh te Due phat trien vdi tdc dp rat cao. Sdn lupng than. Nhd tiep thu nhQng thanh tuu khoa hoc - kT thuat mdi. Tir nam ISfiO den nam May mde cung dupc sir dung trong ndng nghiep. Tren dong rudng da xuat hien may cay. Ddng thdi, phan bdn hoa hoc dupc sir dung rpng rai. Cach mang cdng nghiep da thuc ddy nhieu nganh kinh te phat trien.

Nhu cdu cdng nghiep hoa khien ndng nghiep chuyen sang phuong thii'c chuyen canh hoac tham canh ; ddng thdi qua trinh co gidi hoa nong nghiep cung gdp phan giai phdng sue lao ddng cua ndng dan, bo sung luc lupng lao dpng cho cdng nghiep va dich vu. Ve mat xa hpi, he qua quan trpng nhat ciia each mang cdng nghiep la hinh thanh hai giai cap co bdn cua xa hpi tu ban : giai cap tu san va giai cap vd san.

Qua each mang cdng nghiep, giai cap tu san cang giau len nhanh chdng. Cach mang cdng nghiep da lam cho dpi ngu vd sdn ngay cang ird nen ddng ddo. Vdi than phan la ngudi lao dpng lam thue. Tai sao each mang cong nghiep dien ra dau tien d Anh? Lap bang thong ke ve moc thdi gian va thanh tuu chu yeu cua each mang cong nghiep d Anh, Phap va OCrc.

Viec hoim thien va sir dung may hoi nudc ciia Giem Oat dupc coi la su md dSu cua qua trinh ca gidi hoa. Dieu quan trong nhiii lii may hai nudc da tiio ra ngudn ddng lire mdi liim giiim nhe sue lao ddng ea bap ciia con ngudi. Nd tao dieu kien cho su chuydn ciich Ihuc lao ddng bang tay dupc thuc hien iir khi loai ngudi xuat hien sang sit dung may mdc.

Dd la yeu td ca ban ciia cdng nghiep hoa. Trong qua trinh tien hiinh ciich mang edng nghiep. De giai quyet ngudn nhien lieu va nguyen lieu, nganh khai md phiit trie'n nhanh chong. Nhd vay, ngucfi ta cd the' khai ihiie ihifn va cac khoang san kim loai. Phat minh ve phuang phap luyen than cdc nam la mdt ddng gdp quan trpng cho viec luyen gang thep. Nhd vay hinh ihanh ca eau cdng nghiep nang san xuat may cai va cdng nghiep nhe cung cap cac loiii hang lieu dung.

Theo : Vu Ducng Ninh Chii bicn. Lich sir vdn minh the gidri. NXB Giao due. Trong cac thop nion. Tii mot nudc ndng nghiep.

Dire ddn trd thanh mdt nude cdng nghiep. Rieng d Bec-lin. Suphat trien ciia kinh te tu bdn chu nghTa dat ra mdt each cap thiet nhiem vu thdng nhat dat nude. Tuy ed nhirng budc phat trien dang ke ve mat td chtrc, giai cap vd sdn Due chua the lanh dao qudn chung dau tranh thdng nhat dat nudc ''tiJ dudi len" bdng eon dudng each mang.

Mat khae, tir sau Cach mang - , giai cap tu san iing hp giai cap dia ehu quan phiet Phd. Bi-xmac len lam Thu tudng Phd. Ji-lo i'hoii lii-Miiiic la moi tiia thu quy tdc Phd. Niim INd2. Qua trinh thdng nhat Due dupe thuc hien thdng qua cac cupc chien tranh. Nam , Phd gay ehien vdi Dan Mach. Phd gay chien vdi Ao va gianh dupc thdng lpi. Sau dd. Phd hoa hoan vdi Ao de chudn bi chien tranh chdng Phap. Nam , Lien bang Bdc Dire dupe thanh lap do Pho dung dau.

Lien bang Bde Dure chi la ket qua budc ddu tren eon dudng thdng nhdt Dixc cua Bi-xmac. Song, khi tien hanh sap nhap vdi cac qudc gia mien Nam. Phd bi Phap ngan can vi Phap khdng mudn cd mdt qudc gia thdng nhat, hiing manh ben canh. Phap da ldi keo cac nudc Nam Dice chdng lai Phd. Bdng thdng lpi trong cupc Hinh Bi-xmac da hoan thanh viec thdng nhat da't nudc.

Nd mang tinh chat mdt cudc each mang tu san, md dudng cho chii nghla tu ban phat trien manh me hon. Nudc Due thdng nhat dan ddn bj quan phiet hoa theo kieu PhP vii trd thanh mot trung lam gay ehien d chau Au, Id lua cua hai cudc chien tranh the gidi sau nay. Sau nam , I-ta-li-a bi chia xe thanh 7 nudc ldn, nhd theo che dp quan chu chuyen che va phdn ldn phu thudc de qudc Ao.

Nhan dan I-ta-li-a nhieu ldn dau tranh chdng ach thdng tri phong kien va sir dd ho cua Ao de thdng nhat dat nudc.

Nam , mdt eude each mang tu san da nd ra tren ban dao I-ta-li-a. Cdng nhan va dan ngheo thanh thi, dudi sir lanh dao cua phai tu san each mang. Nhung each mang da that bai vi so sanh luc lupng giira phan each mang va each mang qua chenh lech, vi thieu mdt trung tam chi dao phong trao. Khoang 10 nam sau Cach mang , chii nghla tu bdn bat dau phat trien manh d cac xu mien Bdc I-ta-li-a, dac biet d Vuong qudc Pi-e-mdn-te.

Van de thdng nhat dat nudc lai dupc dat ra. Giai cap tu san I-ta-li-a hudng ve Pi-e-mdn-te. Ba tude Ca-vua, Thii tudng Pi-e-mdn-te, tii khi len cdm quyen ehu truong md mang kinh te va xay dung quan dpi. Dai dien cho quy tpc tu san hoa va tang ldp dai tu san.

Ca-vua cQng cd tham vpng thdng nhat I-ta-li-a "tCr tren xudng". Thang 4 - , cupe khdi nghla eiia nhan dan ddo Xi-xi-Ii-a Nam I-ta-li-a biing nd nhdm lat do ach thdng tri ciia Ao va thdng nhat dat nudc. Theo thod thuan vdi Ca-vua, Ga-ri-ban-di dem quan xudng giup nhan dan Nam I-ta-li-a. Ga-ri-ban-di Ga-ri-ban-di ehi huy, da vupt bien, do bd len dao Xi-xi-li-a.

Nam 1S4S, Cla-ri-ban-di ve ninVc. Id chire "Dpi t iiiin iio dd" tiip hpp himg nghin nguiii. Nhan dan mien Nam I-ta-li-a ddn chao Ga-ri-ban-di. Chi trong 2 ngay, 4 ngudi da tinh nguyen xin gia nhap "Dpi quan ao dd". Cudi thang 5 — , dao quan Ga-ri- ban-di gidi phdng dao Xi-xi-li-a. Thang 8, quan each miing lai vupt bien tien vao Nii-pd-li thu phu eiia Vuong qudc Nam I-ta-li-a , giai phdng Nam l-ta-li-a.

Chinh quyen mdi dupc thanh lap do Ga-ri-ban-di lam Chap chinh. Nhung qudn chiing khdng dupc hudng thanh qua dau tranh eiia minh. Trudc sue ep ciia Ca-vua. Phong trao ndng dan khdi nghla bj dap tdt. Tiep dd. Pi-e-inon-te tuyen bd thimh lap Vuong qudc I-ta-li-a. Ve-ne-xi-a thudc Ao va Rd-ma dat ciia Giao hoang, dudi su bdo hd cua Phap chua dupc giai phdng. Nam , lien minh vdi Phd ehdng Ao. I-ta-li-a giai phdng dupc Ve-ne-xi-a : thu hdi Rd-ma. Tii dd, R6-ma trd thanh Thii dd cua nudc I-ta-li-a thdng nhat.

Viee thdng nhat l-ta-li-a da tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho su phat trien chii nghla tu ban. Nhan dan ddng vai trd quyet dinh trong su nghiep thdng nhat ddt nudc nhung chinh quyen lai roi vao tay tu san va quy tde tu san hoa. Noi chien 6 Mi Nam , eupc Chien tranh gianh ddc lap cua cac thupc dia Anh d Bdc Ml ket thiic thdng lpi, nudc Ml ra ddi gdm 13 bang. Song, nhieu nhiem vu ciia mot cudc each mang ehua hoan thanh. Cudc dau tranh nhdm giai quyet nhirng van de tdn tai cua nudc Ml tiep tuc phat trien la mdt yeu eau cua xa hdi Ml bay gid.

Kinh te phat trien nhanh ehdng, dan ddn nudc Ml chia lam ba mien dat vdi eo eau kinh te - xa hdi khae nhau :. Vdi nhieu dieu kien thuan lpi. Gidi ehii nd da lam giau nhanh chdng, the luc ngay cang manh. Tinh de'n nam , chii nd da dua 11 ngudi cua minh len lam Tong thdng trong sd 16 Tdng thdng Ml. Su duy tri che dp nd le don dien d mien Nam da can trd sir phat trien kinh te tu ban ehii nghla d Ml.

Lin-cdn mien Nam ngay eang trd nen gay gdt. Nguyen nhan true tiep ddn den npi chien la cudc bdu cir Tdng thdng nam Lin-cdn, ngudi thupc Dang Cpng hoa dang cua khdi tu san cdng nghiep va chu trai , da triing cir Tdng thdng. A-hrii-hiiin Lin-ciin sinh ra Irong mdi gi. Hoi n e. Nam 1S4S. IJn-edn dupc hiiu liun diii bieu Qudc hpi. Ngay 12 - 4 - , gidi chu nd gay ra cupc npi chien, hdng duy tri che dp nd le dang cd nguy co bj sup do.

GiCra nam , Tong thdng Lin-cdn ki sdc lenh cap dat d mien Tay cho dan di cu de phat trien trang trai. Ngay 1 - 1 - , Tdng thdng ban hanh sdc lenh bai bd che dp nd le.

Hang van nd Ie dupc gidi phdng, gia nhap quan dpi Thinh phii Lien bang. Chien tranh keo dai 4 nam, tii thang 4 - 1 8 6 1 den thang 4 - Ngay 9 - 4 - , trudc nguy eo thdm bai, tudng Tdng chi huy quan dpi mien Nam phai ddu hang, npi chien ket thiic. Qudn chung nhan dan bao gdm chu trai, ngudi da den va cac tdng ldp lao ddng khae da tham gia tfeh cue. Cudc ndi chien cd y nghla nhu mdt cudc each mang tu sdn Idn thu hai. Song, trong cudc npi chien. Chfnh phu Lien bang tuyen bd xoa bd che dp nd le nhung khdng giai phdng hoan toan cho ngudi lao dpng da den.

Khdng cd rupng dat, hp lai phdi di lam thue. Che dp phan biet chiing tpc ludn ludn de doa cupe sdng cua hp. Nga la nude phong kien lac hau so vdi cac nudc tu ban phuong Tay. Den giua the ki XIX. Nga vdn la mdt nudc ndng nghiep, quan he phong kien - ndng nd chiem dia vi thdng tri. Hdu het rupng dat trong lay quy tdc dia chii va nha nudc chuyen che. Ndng dan, phdn ldn la ndng nd, phai lao ddng cudng biic vdi nang sudt rat thap. Cdng nghiep khdng the phat trien vl thieu nhan cdng tu do va thi trudng trong nudc bi bd hep.

Trong khi dd. Den giira the ki XIX. Cdng nghiep co khi cung bat ddu phat trien nhung bi ehe dp ndng nd kim ham. Nga edn lac hau hon trong viec che tao may mdc. Ve chfnh tri. Nga hoang tang cudng quyen thdng tri chuyen che d Nga. Montgomery L. Frankel Lois P. Belker Loren B. Belker — Gary S. Topchik Lorena A.

Hay Louise M. I-lin va E. Xe-gan M. James M. Jo McGowan Chopra M. Gerber Michael E. Harrington Michael E. Raynor Michael E. Berberova N. Voskresenskaia — N. Boggs Peter Drucker Peter F.

Drucker Peter J. Cialdini Robert B. Cialdini Robert C. Trump Robert T. Kiyosaki Robert T. Kiyosaki — Sharon L. Perry S. Goenka S. Dubner — Steven D. Covey Stephen R. Landsburg Steven K. Scott Steven Landsburg Steven S. Harv Eker T. Jason Smith T. Alvira — L. Clavell — T. Melendo T. Stanley — Ph. William D Thomas J. Stanley Ph. D Thomas L. Friedman Thomas L. David J. Lieberman TS. Clement Stone W.